Triphenylethylenes for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis

ABSTRACT

Compounds having formula (I) wherein R 1  and R 2  are independently H or OH, are useful in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. The compounds of formula (I) are devoid of significant antiestrogenic and estrogenic activity. ##STR1##

This application is a 371 of PCT/F195/00475 filed Sep. 6, 1995.

This invention relates to the use of certain triphenyiethylene compounds, that are devoid of significant antiestrogenic and estrogenic activity, for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis is one of the most common chronic diseases in postmenopausal women. It is characterized by rapid bone loss after the menopause resulting in bone fractures. One of the major factors in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis is increased bone resorption in association with estrogen-deficiency. Increased bone resorption results in decreased bone mass and decreased bone strength. The current preventive treatment includes the use of estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women.

Estrogen and transforming growth factors-β (TGF-β) are key factors in bone remodelling and may have overlapping functions. They are both capable of inducing collagen and inhibiting bone resorption. It is still unclear whether estrogen functions through a pathway that regulates TGF-β production.

Postmenopausal bone loss occurs when coupling between bone formation and bone resorption is no longer balanced. Estrogen replacement therapy results in decreased bone turnover, decreased bone resorption and decreased fracture occurrence in postmenopausal patients. However, results of in vitro experiments have not provided clear-cut clues to the mechanism by which estrogen exerts its effects on bone. Data suggest that estrogen may act on bone by several mechanisms, either directly through estrogen receptors, indirectly through other cells besides bone cells and/or in concert with other factors and hormones such as progesterones. A long-term use of estrogens is associated with potential side effects due to the increased risk for cancers of estrogen dependent tissues such as endometrium and breast.

Triphenylethylene group antiestrogens tamoxifen and toremifene have recently been shown to stimulate TGF-β production by fibroblasts (Colletta et al., Br. J. Cancer, 62, 405-409, 1990. Tamoxifen has also been shown to have a positive effect on bone density (Jordan et al, Breast Cancer Res. Treatm, 10, 31-35, 1987). Tamoxifen and toremifene are both in a group of compounds that are used clinically for the treatment of estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. In patients with breast cancer these compounds primarily exert their antiestrogenic properties by blocking the estrogen receptors present in breast cancer cells, thus inhibiting cancer cell growth. Although their primary mode of action is inhibition of estrogen receptors they are also known to behave as estrogen agonists, particularly in uterine tissue in which they stimulate cell proliferation. Several reports have now suggested that tamoxifen may in fact induce secondary uterine tumors in women receiving long term tamoxifen therapy. The antiestrogenic triphenylethylenes also share many hormonal side effects in common with the estrogens, including hot flashes, nausea, menstrual irregularity and the potential for development of life-threatening thrombolic disorders.

While the clinical efficacy of tamoxifen as an agent to prevent and/or treat osteoporosis remains to be elucidated, the side effects of the antiestrogenic triphenylethylenes would be a particular disadvantage for type of long term, chronic therapy that is required to prevent osteoporosis. On the other hand agents, that had the ability to prevent osteoporosis but were devoid of hormone related side effects such us uterine hyperplasia, hot flashes, nausea and thromboembolic complications would be very useful clinically.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING

FIG. 1 illustrates the results of the measurements of ash weight of the epiphysis of rat tibia of compound A.

According to the invention a compound having formula (I) ##STR2## wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently H or OH, is used in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. It has been found that the compounds of formula (I), which are devoid of significant antiestrogenic and estrogenic activity, effectively inhibit the ovarectomy-induced loss of bone mineral contents and increase bone strength in rats. It has also been discovered that the compounds of formula (I) stimulate the production of TGF-β by bone cells. The stimulation activity of the compounds according to the invention is greater than that of tamoxifen or toremifene and equals the activity of estrogen. Furthermore the compounds of formula (I) may enhance the useful properties of estrogen while blocking the adverse effects of estrogen on endometrial tissue when used in combination. Unlike estrogen or partial antiestrogens, the compounds of formula (I) lack significant hormone associated side effects. Therefore the compounds of formula (I) are especially suitable for use in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

The term osteoporosis means here postmenopausal or involutional osteoporosis and other bone diseases, which are characterized by loss of bone mass.

The preferred compounds of the invention are (deaminohydroxy)toremifene or 2- 4-(4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-but-1-enyl)phenoxy!ethanol), 4-hydroxy(deaminohydroxy)toremifene or 4- 4-chloro-1- 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl!-2-phenyl-but-1-enyl!phenol) and 4,4'-dihydroxy(deaminohydroxy)toremifene or 4- 4-chloro-1- 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl!-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)but-1-enyl!phenol: ##STR3##

These compounds are metabolites of toremifene and have been described earlier in Kangas L., "Biochemical and pharmacological effect of toremifene metabolites", Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., (1990), 27, 8-12 and Sipila H. et al., "Metabolism of toremifene in the rat", J. Steroid Biochem., 36,3,211-215, (1990). However, it has not been known that these compounds are useful for treating or preventing osteoporosis. The compounds of formula (I) can be prepared using methods known in the art.

The invention provides a method for treating or preventing osteoporosis which method comprises administering a pharmaceutically active amount of a compound of formula (I) to a patient in need of such treatment.

The compounds of the invention may be administered alone or together with other active compounds. The experimental data shows that the compounds of formula (I) may decrease the adverse effects of estrogen on endometrial tissue when used in combination. Therefore the invention also comprises the use of compounds of formula (I) together with an estrogen, such as β-estradiol, in treating or preventing osteoporosis.

The present invention also provides the use of a compound of formula (I) in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating or preventing osteoporosis, which composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I).

The compound of formula (I) may be administered in a variety of ways including orally, parenterally or transdermally using conventional forms of preparations, such as capsules, tablets, granules, powders, suppositories, injections, patches, suspensions and syrups. The compounds of the invention may be administered monthly, weekly or daily or several times a day depending upon the patient's needs. A typical daily oral dosage is within the range of from about 0.5 mg to about 1000 mg, preferably from about 1 mg to about 500 mg, more preferably from about 5 mg to about 100 mg, of the active compound. However, the dosage may be properly varied depending on the age, body weight and conditions of the patient as well as on the administration method.

The compositions according to the invention can be prepared by the methods commonly employed in the art. In addition to the active compound the compositions may contain pharmaceutically acceptable additives commonly used in the art, such as carriers, binders, excipients, lubricants, suspending agents and diluents. The amount of the active compound in the compositions of the invention is sufficient to produce the desired therapeutical effect, for example about 0.5 to 1000 mg, preferably about 1 mg to 500 mg, more preferably about 5 mg to 100 mg, in unit dosage for both oral and parenteral administration.

The following examples illustrate the synthesis of the compounds of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Z-4- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)-phenyl!-3,4-diphenyl-but-3-en-1-ol

The reaction vessel was charged with toluene (790 ml), 48% aqueous sodium hydroxide (790 ml), tetrabutylammonium bromide (2.12 g, 6.6 mmol) and Z-4-(4-hydroxy-1,2-diphenyl-but-1-enyl)-phenol (50 g, 0.16 mol) prepared by the method described by U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,225. The mixture was refluxed for 30 minutes. Benzyl-(2-bromoethyl)ether (Grobelny D. et al., Tetrahedron Letters 28, 2639-42, 1979) (41.7 g, 0.19 mol) was added to the reaction mixture and the refluxing was continued for 2 hours. Then the mixture was cooled to room temperature, layers were separated and aqueous phase was washed with toluene. Toluene phases were combined, washed with water, dried and evaporated to dryness. The residue was used in the next stage without further purification.

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃):d 1.2 (1H, t, OH), 2.8 (2H, t, CH₂ --C═), 3.6 (2H, dt, CH₂ OH), 3.7 (2H, t, CH₂ OBn), 4.0 (2H, t, CH₂ OPh), 4.6 (2H, s, OCH₂ Ph), 6.6 (2H, d, H--PhO), 6.8 (2H, d, H--PhO), 7.1-7.4 (15H, m, H--Ph).

Example 2

Z-1- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)-phenyl!-4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-but-1-ene

Z-4- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)-phenyl!-3,4-diphenyl-but-3-en-1-ol prepared in the previous stage was dissolved in acetonitrile (400 ml). Triphenyl phosphine (103.5 g, 0.4 mol) and tetrachloromethane (120 g, 0.79 mol) were added and the mixture was refluxed for 2 hours. Then the mixture was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in methanol (160 ml) and water (40 ml) and extracted three times with petroleum ether (3×200 ml) at boiling point. Petroleum ether layers were combined and evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure. The residue was crystallized twice from ethanol (700 ml). Yield 36 g.

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃):d 2.9 (2H, t, CH₂ --C═), 3.4 (2H, dt, CH₂ Cl), 3.7 (2H, t, CH₂ OBn), 4.0 (2H, t, CH₂ OPh), 4.6 (2H, s, OCH₂ Ph), 6.6 (2H, d, H--PhO), 6.8 (2H, d, H--PhO, 7.1-7.4 (15H, m, H--Ph).

Example 3

Z-2- 4-(4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-but-1-enyl)-phenoxy!-ethanol

Z-1- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)-phenyl!-4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-but-1-ene (36 g, 0.08 mol) was dissolved in the mixture of ethyl acetate (350 ml) and ethanol (350 ml). Palladium on carbon (5%, 0.28 g) was added and the solution was flushed with hydrogen gas until there was not any starting compound left (thin layer chromatography). Palladium on carbon was filtered off through siliceous earth and the filtrate was evaporated. The residue was crystallized from the mixture of ethanol (155 ml) and water (65 ml). Yield 20 g.

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃):d 2.9 (2H, t, CH₂ --C═), 3.4 (2H, dt, CH₂ Cl), 3.84-3.89 (2H, m, CH₂ OH), 3.92-3.96 (2H, m, CH₂ OPh), 6.6 (2H, d, H--PhO), 6.8 (2H, d, H--PhO), 7.1-7.4 (10H, m, H--Ph).

Example 4

Z-4- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)-phenyl!-4-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-3-phenylbut-3-en-1-ol

The reaction vessel was charged with sodium hydride (0.43 g, 0.0178 mol) and dimethyl formamide (34 ml). 4- 1-(4-Benzyloxyphenyl)-4-hydroxy-2-phenyl-but-1-enyl!pheno (5 g, 0.0118 mol) prepared by the method of U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,225 was dissolved to dimethyl formamide (6 ml), added to the mixture at room temperature and stirring was continued for half an hour. Then benzyl-(2-bromoethyl)ether (3.06 g, 0.014 mol) was added dropwise during 20 minutes to the reaction mixture and stirring was continued for additional 4 hours. The reaction mixture was poured into brine and extracted with ethyl acetate. Organic layer was washed with 2 N hydrogen chloride solution and twice with water, dried and evaporated to dryness. The product was purified by flash chromatography (toluene:methanol, 9.8:0.2). Yield 2.8 g.

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): d 2.78 (2H, t, CH₂ --C═), 3.59 (2H, t, CH₂ OH), 3.83-3.86 (2H, m, CH₂ OBn), 4.15-4.19 (2H, m, CH₂ OPh), 4.65 (2H, s, CH₂ OCH₂ Ph), 6.79 (2H, d, H--PhO), 6.9 (2H, d, H--PhO), 7.11-7.37 (17H, m, H--PhO, H--Ph).

Example 5

Z-1- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)-phenyl!-1-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-4-chloro-2-phenylbut-1-ene

4- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)-phenyl!-4-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-3-phenylbut-3-en-1-ol (1.9 g, 3.45 mmol), triphenyl phosphine (1.8 g, 6.9 mmol), carbon tetrachloride (2.6 g, 17.25 mmol) and acetonitrile (10 ml) were stirred at room temperature for an hour. The product was separated by the same method as Z-1- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)-phenyl!-4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-but-1-ene described in example 2 and purified by flash chromatography (toluene: methanol, 9.75:0.25). Yield 1.2 g.

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃):d 2.96 (2H, t, CH₂ --C═), 3.42 (2H, t, CH₂ Cl), 3.72-3.75 (2H, m, CH₂ OBn), 3.99-4.02 (2H, m, CH₂ OPh), 4.58 (2H, s, CH₂ OCH₂ Ph), 5.07 (2H, s, PhOCH₂ Ph), 6.57 (2H, d, H--PhO), 6.77 (2H, d, H--PhO), 6.98 (2H, d, H--PhO), 7.10-7.47 (17H, m, H--Ph, H--PhO).

Example 6

Z-4- 4-chloro-1- 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl!-2-phenyl-but-1-enyl!phenol

1- 4-(2-Benzyloxyethoxy)-phenyl!-1-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-4-chloro-2-phenylbut-1-ene (1.0 g, 1.74 mmol) was debenzylated by the same method as Z-1- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)-phenyl!-4-chloro-1,2-diphenyl-but-1-ene described in example 3. The residue was crystallised from the mixture of ethanol and water (1:1). Yield 0.3 g.

¹ H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃):d 2.95 (2H, t, CH₂ --C═), 3.42 (2H, t, CH₂ Cl), 3.86-3.91 (2H, m, CH₂ OH), 3.94-3.97 (2H, m, CH₂ OPh), 6.56(2H, d, H--PhO), 6.78 (2H, d, H--PhO), 6.83 (2H, d, H--PhO), 7.11-7.22 (7H, m, H--Ph, H--PhO).

Example 7

Z,E-4- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phenyl!-3,4-bis-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-but-3-en-1-ol

4- 1,2-Bis-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-4-hydroxy-but-1-enyl!phenol (2 g, 3.8 mmol) (prepared from 4-benzyloxy-4'-tetrahydropyranyloxy benzophenone and 4-benzyloxycinnamic acid ethyl ester by the method described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,225, potassium carbonate (1.5 g, 1.13 mmol), KI (catalytic amount) and ethanol (40 ml) were refluxed for 15 min. Benzyl-(2-bromoethyl)ether (Grobelny D. et al., Tetrahedron Letters 28, 2639-42, 1979) (1.1 g, 4.6 mmol) was added dropwise to the reaction mixture during half an hour and refluxing was continued for additional 2 hours. Then extra portion of potassium carbonate (0.78 g, 0.57 mmol) and benzyl-(2-bromoethyl)ether (0.5 g, 2.3 mmol) was added to the reaction mixture and refluxing was continued for 2 hours. After completion of the reaction the mixture was filtered, filtrate was evaporated to dryness under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by flash chromatography (toluene:methanol, 9.9:0.1). Yield 2.2 g.

¹ H NMR (80 MHz, CDCl₃ ÷CD₃ OD):d 2.75 (2H, t, CH₂ --C═), 3.57 (2H, t, CH₂ OH), 3.75-3.91 (2H, m, CH₂ OBn), 4.01-4.23 (2H, m, CH₂ OPh), 4.58 and 4.64 (2H, s, (CH₂ OCH₂ Ph), 4.93 and 5.0 and 5.1 (4H, s, PhOCH₂ Ph), 6.5-7.45 (27H, m, H--PhO, H--Ph).

Example 8

Z,E-1- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phenyl!-1,2-bis-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-4-chloro-but-1-ene

1- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phenyl!-1,2-bis-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-4-chlorobut-1-ene was prepared from 4- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phenyl!-3,4-bis-(4-benzyloxypheny)-but-3-en-1-ol (0.65 g, 0.98 mmol),triphenyl phosphine (0.5 g, 1.96 mmol) and carbon tetrachloride (0.74 g, 4.9 mmol) by the method described in example 2. The product was purified by flash chromatography (toluene). Yield 0.42 g.

¹ H NMR (80 MHz, CDCl₃ +CD₃ OD):d2.92 (2H, t, CH₂ --C═), 3.43 (2H, t, CH₂ Cl), 3.74-4.18 (4H, m, OCH₂ CH₂ O), 4.59 and 4.64 (2H, s, CH₂ OCH₂ Ph), 4.93 and 5.0 and 5.07 (4H, s, PhOCH₂ Ph), 6.6-7.5 (27H, m, H--PhO, H--Ph).

Example 9

Preparation of Z,E-4- 4-chloro-1- 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)phenyl!-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)but-1-enyl!phenol

1- 4-(2-benzyloxyethoxy)phenyl!-1,2-bis-(4-benzyloxyphenyl)-4-chlorobut-1-ene (0.4 g, 0.66 mmol) was debenzylated by the method described in example 3 despite of the temperature, which was 40° C. in this reaction. The product was purified by flash chromatography (toluene:methanol, 9.4:0.6). Yield 0.18 g.

H NMR (300 MHz, CD₃ OD):d 2.86 and 2.88 (2H, t, CH₂ --C═), 3.41 (2 H, t, CH₂ Cl), 3.77-4.07 (4H, m, OCH₂ CH₂ OH), 6.44 (2H, d, H--PhO), 6.58-7.17 (12H, m, H--PhO).

The following experiments illustrate the effects of the compounds of the invention.

EXPERIMENTS Effects on the Production of TGFβ

Analysis of latent TGFβ produced by osteoblast derived osteosarcoma cells (ROS 17/2.8) cells and UMR-106 cells were performed by analysis of mRNA using northern blot analysis. In addition, different forms of TGFβ were analyzed by HPLC, western analysis and immuno-precipitation. The results are shown in Table 1. Clearly, compounds A and C are very active in producing the release of TGFβ and appear to be as active as estrogen.

Compound A=(deaminohydroxy)toremifene

Compound C=4-hydroxy(deaminohydroxy)toremifene

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         Effects of β-estradiol, the antiestrogens tamoxifen and toremifene,       and compounds A and C on the production of latent TGFβ                    by osteosarcoma cells ROS 17/2.8 and UMR-106.                                  Cell line      Agents    10.sup.-7 M                                           ______________________________________                                         ROS 17/2.8     β-estradiol                                                                         1.1                                                                  tamoxifen 0.6                                                                  toremifene                                                                               0.6                                                                  compound A                                                                               1.6                                                                  compound C                                                                               1.7                                                   UMR-106        β-estradiol                                                                         1.8                                                                  tamoxifen 1.1                                                                  toremifene                                                                               1.3                                                                  compound A                                                                               1.5                                                                  compound C                                                                               1.6                                                   ______________________________________                                          Data is expressed as treated/control ratios.                                   All determinations are the average of triplicate samples.                

Effects on the Growth of Estrogen Receptor Positive and Negative Breast Cancer Cells

This experiment was performed to prove that the concentrations that produce latent TGFβ by the osteoblast-like cells by compounds A and C are independent of hormone action. Breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 ER+ and MDA-MB-231 ER- were used in the experiment. Also a negative control, compound B, was used. Compound B has the essential amine group that has been shown as necessary for antiestrogenic activity (see Jordan et al., "Importance of the alkylaminoethoxy side-chain for the estrogenic and antiestrogenic actions of tamoxifen an trioxifene in the immature rat uterus", Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 27, 291-306, 1982). Although complete removal of the alkylaminoethoxy side-chain will produce an estrogen like compound, compounds A and C are stable and not susceptible to this cleavage. ##STR4## Table 2 shows the results of exposing estrogen, compound A, B, C, and combinations of both when exposed to the estrogen receptor positive breast cancer cells MCF-7. The results show that estrogen alone appeared to stimulate the growth of cells whereas compounds A, B and C lack such activity. Clearly, control compound B has an antiestrogen effect that is partially blocked by estrogen. Compounds A and C had little effect on cells alone and a net stimulatory activity similarly to estrogen alone when used in combination with estrogen. This result suggest that compounds A and C at 10-⁷ M had not significant antiestrogenic activity.

All compounds had little to no effect on the growth of estrogen receptor negative breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231.

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                         Effect of compounds A, B, C ± Estradiol (E2) on MCF-7 ER+                   Treatment       Percent Survival ± SD                                       ______________________________________                                         Control         100.00                                                         E2 (10.sup.-9 M) control                                                                       104.62 ± 0.72                                               Compound A (10.sup.-7 M)                                                                       89.68 ± 3.91                                                Compound A + E2 97.70 ± 4.62                                                Compound B (10.sup.-7 M)                                                                       47.22 ± 4.04                                                Compound B + E2 90.73 ± 3.07                                                Compound C (10.sup.-7 M)                                                                       85.57 ± 2.07                                                Compound C + E2 99.80 ± 4.90                                                ______________________________________                                    

The ability of compound A to inhibit the antiestrogenic activity of tamoxifen was also studied. The results (TABLE 3) show that compound A does not inhibit the antiestrogenic activity of tamoxifen. This, together with the fact that the compounds of the invention did not stimulate or inhibit MCF-7 growth, is a further evidence of a non-hormonal mechanism of the compounds of the invention.

                  TABLE 3                                                          ______________________________________                                         MCF-7 growth inhibition by tamoxifen and tamoxifen + compound                  ______________________________________                                         Tamoxifen (μM) Percent survival                                             ______________________________________                                         0.1               89.1                                                         0.5               53.6                                                         1.0               46.1                                                         2.0               43.8                                                         5.0               27.2                                                         ______________________________________                                         Tamoxifen (μM) + A (10.sup.-7 M)                                                              Percent survival                                             ______________________________________                                         0.1               80.4                                                         0.5               56.9                                                         1.0               50.6                                                         2.0               40.9                                                         5.0               23.7                                                         ______________________________________                                    

Uterine Effects

This study examined the uterine effects of compounds A, B, C and estrogen in the ovariectomized rat. It was further examined whether compound A could effectively block the uterotrophic effects of estrogen.

40 Sprague-Dawley female rats, 92 days old, were used. Bilateral ovariectomies were performed after anesthestizing the animals with metaphane. Sham surgery was performed by exteriorizing the ovaries but not removing them. The compounds were delivered in a vehicle of 95% corn oil and 5% benzyl alcohol by subcutaneous injection at 250 μl/day. All treatments were initiated the first day after surgery for 21 days. The animals were also injected for fluorochrome labeling at 14 days before sacrifice and tetracycline hydrochloride (25 mg/kg) at 6 days before sacrifice. The pre and post weights of the animals were taken and the animals exsanquinated. The uteri were removed and weighed. The bones were fixed in 70 % ethanol for histological examination. The blood, uteri and one humerus from each animal were assayed for hormone levels and one tibia for histological quantitation of trabecular bone volume.

Table 4 shows that the uterotrophic effects of estrogen were counteracted by compound A. This is new evidence that a non-antiestrogenic agent, which can not be metabolized to an antiestrogenic compound can effectively block the adverse effects of estrogen on the uterus. It is very likely that TGFβ may inhibit the uterine growth despite the estrogenic properties of estrogen.

                  TABLE 4                                                          ______________________________________                                         Effect of compounds A, B, C ± Estradiol (E2) on rat uterus                  Treatment    Average uterine weight (g) ± SD (n = 6)                        ______________________________________                                         Sham control 0.7176 ± 0.0896                                                E2 control   0.7140 ± 0.1560                                                Compound A   0.3112 ± 0.0460                                                Compound A + E2                                                                             0.3540 ± 0.0600                                                Compound B   0.3270 ± 0.0840                                                Compound C   0.3656 ± 0.0450                                                ______________________________________                                    

Effects on Bones

The inhibitory effect of compound A on the ovarectomy-induced loss of bone mineral contents was demonstrated by measuring the ash weight of the epiphysis of rat tibia and by determining the volume of trabecular bone in distal femur by morphometric analysis. The results are presented in Table 5 and FIG. 1. The treatment groups 1-10 of FIG. 1 are the same as those in Table 5.

                  TABLE 5                                                          ______________________________________                                         Effect of compound A on the ash weight of rat left tibia                       Treatment              Ash weight (mg)                                         (4 weeks as indicated) n = 10                                                  ______________________________________                                          1. Normal control     284.2 ± 13.7*                                         2. + 17β-E2 (sc, 30-day pellet)                                                                 295.0 ± 17.7*                                         3. + Compound A 1 mg/kg/day (po)                                                                     287.9 ± 12.1*                                         4. + Compound A 10 mg/kg/day (po)                                                                    292.0 ± 13.6*                                         5. Ovarectomized control                                                                             259.9 ± 14.6                                          6. + 17β-E2 (sc) 293.2 ± 20.0*                                         7. + Compound A 1 mg/kg/day                                                                          263.9 ± 16.6*                                         8. + Compound A 1 mg/kg/day + 17β-E2                                                            279.6 ± 16.9*                                         9. + Compound A 10 mg/kg/day                                                                         276.3 ± 15.9*                                        10. + Compound A 10 mg/kg/day + 17β-E2                                                           285.5 ± 15.6*                                        ______________________________________                                          *significantly different from ovarectomized control, p < 0.05            

The beneficial effect of compound A on trabecular bone mineral contents and volume proportion were associated with increased bone strength in femoral neck and lumbar vertebrae. This was demonstrated by measuring resistance against torsion and compression, respectively (Table 6).

                  TABLE 6                                                          ______________________________________                                         Effect of compound A on the mechanical strenght                                of rat femoral neck and L4 vertebra                                            Treatment       Strength of  Compression                                       (4 weeks as indicated)                                                                         femoral neck (N)                                                                            of L4 (N)                                         ______________________________________                                         Normal control  106.2 ± 18.3.sup.1)                                                                      516.8 ± 75.6                                   + 17β-E2 (sc, 30-day pellet)                                                              101.9 ± 20.0                                                                             657.3 ± 64.0.sup.3,4)                          + A 1 mg/kg/day (po)                                                                           103.1 ± 14.6.sup.2)                                                                      619.6 ± 114.4.sup.3,4)                         + A 10 mg/kg/day (po)                                                                          101.0 ± 12.3                                                                             628.9 ± 108.7.sup.3,4)                         Ovarectomized control                                                                           86.8 ± 13.4                                                                             449.7 ± ±83.0                               + 17β-E2 (sc)                                                                             120.7 ± 18.1.sup.3)                                                                      582.7 ± 91.8.sup.2)                            + A 1 mg/kg/day  87.8 ± 15.2                                                                             592.4 ± 64.0.sup.3)                            + A 1 mg/kg/day + 17β-E2                                                                  100.2 ± 20.5                                                                             619.6 ± 82.1.sup.3)                            + A 10 mg/kg/day                                                                               103.7 ± 12.7.sup.1)                                                                      549.4 ± 81.8.sup.1)                            + A 10 mg/kg/day + 17β-E2                                                                 115.1 ± 18.3.sup.2)                                                                      641.8 ± 64.6.sup.3,5)                          ______________________________________                                          .sup.1) Significantly different from ovarectomized control, p < 0.05           .sup.2) Control, p < 0.01                                                      .sup.3) Control, p < 0.001                                                     .sup.4) Significantly different from normalcontrol, p < 0.001                  .sup.5) Significantly different from ovarectomized control treated with A      10 mg/kg/day p < 0.05                                                    

In another in vivo study using ovariectomized rat model it was found that compound A was as effective as β-estradiol at preventing bone loss while having little effect on the uterus. When compound A was administered in combination with β-estradiol, a greater increase in percent trabecular bone volume were observed when compared to either compound alone and compound A effectively blocked the effects of estrogen on the uterus. The result of this study is presented in Table 7.

                  TABLE 7                                                          ______________________________________                                         Inhibition of ovariectomy-induced bone loss by                                 compounds A, B, estradiol, and compound A plus estradiol.                      Treatment group                                                                             % Trabecular bone volume (n = 3)                                  ______________________________________                                         compound A   25.24 ± 6.61                                                   compound B   8.18 ± 5.83                                                    Estradiol    22.6 ± 5.56                                                    A + E        38.4 ± 8.14                                                    ______________________________________                                     

We claim:
 1. A method of using a compound of formula (1) ##STR5## wherein R₁ and R₂ are independently H or OH, for the treatment or prevention of osteoporosis, comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment a prophylactically or therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (1) as defined above.
 2. A method according to claim 1, in which the compound of formula (1) is (deaminohydroxy)toremifene.
 3. A method according to claim 1, in which the compound of formula (1) is 4-hydroxy (deaminohydroxy)toremifene.
 4. A method according to claim 1, in which the medicament comprises an estrogen.
 5. A method according to claim 2, in which the medicament comprises an estrogen.
 6. A method according to claim 3, in which the medicament comprises an estrogen. 